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Holocene period - translation to italian
![Vegetation and water bodies in northern and central Africa in the [[Eemian]] (bottom) and [[Holocene]] (top)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Journal.pone.0076514.g004.png?width=200 "Vegetation and water bodies in northern and central Africa in the [[Eemian]] (bottom) and [[Holocene]] (top)")
![lacquer]] of ''[[maki-e]]'' technique. 18th century](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Blade and Mounting for a Short Sword (Wakizashi).jpg?width=200 "lacquer]] of ''[[maki-e]]'' technique. 18th century")
![Landing of Commodore Perry, Officers and Men of the Squadron To meet the Imperial Commissioners at ''Kurihama [[Yokosuka]]'' March 8th, 1854](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Commodore-Perry-Visit-Kanagawa-1854.jpg?width=200 "Landing of Commodore Perry, Officers and Men of the Squadron To meet the Imperial Commissioners at ''Kurihama [[Yokosuka]]'' March 8th, 1854")
![Matthew Calbraith Perry]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry.jpg?width=200 "Matthew Calbraith Perry]]")
![Social classes during the Edo period ([[Tokugawa shogunate]]).](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Edo social structure.svg?width=200 "Social classes during the Edo period ([[Tokugawa shogunate]]).")
![''[[Kaitai Shinsho]]'', Japan's first treatise on Western [[anatomy]], published in 1774](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/First Japanese treatise on Western anatomy.jpg?width=200 "''[[Kaitai Shinsho]]'', Japan's first treatise on Western [[anatomy]], published in 1774")
![San Juan Bautista]]'' is represented in [[Claude Deruet]]'s painting of [[Hasekura Tsunenaga]] in Rome in 1617, as a galleon with Hasekura's flag (red manji on orange background) on the top mast.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/HasekuraWithShipDetail.jpg?width=200 "San Juan Bautista]]'' is represented in [[Claude Deruet]]'s painting of [[Hasekura Tsunenaga]] in Rome in 1617, as a galleon with Hasekura's flag (red manji on orange background) on the top mast.")
![Koban]], [[Ichibuban]] (1601-1695).](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Keicho gold coinage Oban Koban Ichibuban 1601 1695.jpg?width=200 "Koban]], [[Ichibuban]] (1601-1695).")
![[[uchikake]]}}), 1840–1870, [[Khalili Collection of Kimono]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Khalili Collection Kimono 03.jpg?width=200 "[[uchikake]]}}), 1840–1870, [[Khalili Collection of Kimono]]")
![A [[Wadokei]], a Japanese-made clockwatch, 18th century](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Le Musée Paul Dupuy - Horloge japonaise à double foliot (Wadokei) - Période Edo.jpg?width=200 "A [[Wadokei]], a Japanese-made clockwatch, 18th century")
![A bird's-eye view of Nagasaki bay, with the [[Dejima]] foreign trading post island at mid-left (1833)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Nagasaki Harbour (c1833-6), by Kawahara Keiga.jpg?width=200 "A bird's-eye view of Nagasaki bay, with the [[Dejima]] foreign trading post island at mid-left (1833)")
![Nihonbashi Fish Market Prosperity (Edo period) by Utagawa [[Kuniyasu]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Nihonbashi-Fish-Market-Prosperity-Ukiyoe-Utagawa-Kuniyasu.png?width=200 "Nihonbashi Fish Market Prosperity (Edo period) by Utagawa [[Kuniyasu]]")
![''[[Red and White Plum Blossoms]]'' by [[Ogata Kōrin]], 1712-1716](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Red and White Plum Blossoms.jpg?width=200 "''[[Red and White Plum Blossoms]]'' by [[Ogata Kōrin]], 1712-1716")
![One of the cannons of Odaiba, now at the [[Yasukuni Shrine]]. 80-pound bronze, bore: 250mm, length: 3830mm](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Shinagawa Baidai cannon.jpg?width=200 "One of the cannons of Odaiba, now at the [[Yasukuni Shrine]]. 80-pound bronze, bore: 250mm, length: 3830mm")
![[[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], first ''[[shōgun]]'' of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Tokugawa Ieyasu2.JPG?width=200 "[[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], first ''[[shōgun]]'' of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]]")
![[[Tokugawa Yoshinobu]] in later life](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Yoshinobu Tokugawa 2.jpg?width=200 "[[Tokugawa Yoshinobu]] in later life")
![Reading stand with [[Mt. Yoshino]], decorated with lacquer of ''maki-e'' technique. 18th century](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Reading Stand with Mount Yoshino.jpg?width=200 "Reading stand with [[Mt. Yoshino]], decorated with lacquer of ''maki-e'' technique. 18th century")
![Ukiyo-e based on kabuki actors became popular. [[Ichikawa Danjūrō V]] in the popular kabuki play ''[[Shibaraku]]'', by [[Utagawa Kunimasa]], 1796](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Kunimasa - taikan, The actor Ichikawa Ebizo in a shibaraku role, 1796.jpg?width=200 "Ukiyo-e based on kabuki actors became popular. [[Ichikawa Danjūrō V]] in the popular kabuki play ''[[Shibaraku]]'', by [[Utagawa Kunimasa]], 1796")
![Ukiyo-e depicting ''Sushi'', by [[Hiroshige]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hiroshige Bowl of Sushi.jpg?width=200 "Ukiyo-e depicting ''Sushi'', by [[Hiroshige]]")
![Miya River]], which is crowded with people visiting Ise Grand Shrine. by Hiroshige](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ando hirosige miyakawanowatasi.jpg?width=200 "Miya River]], which is crowded with people visiting Ise Grand Shrine. by Hiroshige")
Definition
Wikipedia
The Holocene Climate Optimum (HCO) was a warm period that occurred in the interval roughly 9,500 to 5,500 years ago BP, with a thermal maximum around 8000 years BP. It has also been known by many other names, such as Altithermal, Climatic Optimum, Holocene Megathermal, Holocene Optimum, Holocene Thermal Maximum, Hypsithermal, and Mid-Holocene Warm Period.
The warm period was followed by a gradual decline, of about 0.1 to 0.3 °C per millennium, until about two centuries ago (when this trend was rapidly reversed due to human-produced greenhouse gas emissions). However, on a sub-millennial scale, there were regional warm periods superimposed on this decline.
- For other temperature fluctuations, see temperature record.
- For other past climate fluctuation, see paleoclimatology.
- For the pollen zone and Blytt–Sernander period, associated with the climate optimum, see Atlantic (period).
